Probably showing my ignorance, but I thought paper was essentially a futures contract, so it’d be spot less a risk factor and a physical delivery cost. I think the physical delivery cost went to zero when they started making the contracts settleable in cash vs delivery of metal.
@tanstaafl72555 has probably explained it before, but that doesn’t mean that I understood,
You are correct in that a futures contract is spot (actually PLUS a risk factor and delivery cost, but that is not critical). These contracts were made to LAY OFF risk of volatile prices for producers and manufacturers. Ustabe, if someone sold more contracts than you had physical units to deliver, some enterprising financier could buy up contracts and demand delivery. This produced a "short squeeze" where the shorts (those who sold what the did not have) were forced to buy back while prices were screaming upward in a panic. If you were really sneaky and savvy, and bought MORE contracts than there were physical units to deliver, this was called "cornering the market." It did not matter how high the prices went, there simply were not enough widgets out there to satisfy all the contracts people sold you. Back in the wild days of equities, this practice occurred much more frequently in equities, and not just commodity futures. The old days of financial barons were replete with some megamillionaire being caught short ghastly short, literally on his knees begging another tycoon not to ruin him, and hearing the cold hearted "he who sells what isn't his'n; must buy it back, or go to prison." (I think that was Vanderbilt, but can't remember).
The Hunt brothers (with some Saudi help) effectively cornered the market in 1978-1979. They had oodles of cash coming in from skyrocketing oil, and bought up every silver futures contract out there. It should be noted that they actually did this play earlier in soybeans. The russians stepped into the grains markets Christmas 1973 and beans went up (helped by a drought in 1977) over 1000 per cent over several years. The Hunts bought and bought and bought, as there were then, as now, WAY MORE PAPER CONTRACTS FOR SALE THAN ACTUALBUSHELS OF BEANS. The Hunts were buying, the Russians were buying, the grains were soaring, no rain was falling.... and when they called in to make another purchase, their brokers said "I am sorry but you have hit your 'position limits'" They did not even know that way back in the 70s, the exchanges LIMITED THE AMOUNT OF FUTURES ANY ONE PARTY COULD HOLD, partly to avoid attempted corners. The Hunts were phenomenally shrewd oil men, but not very sophisticated in the financial markets. They swore they weren't trying to corner anything, but Bunker Hunt was a Christian, and a hard money advocate, and a catastrophist, and was very very concerned about the future of the US Dollar. He just wanted to diversify, and was irritated that he had to limit his purchases. They eventually got rain and prices cooled, but Bunker's wheels upstairs were spinning. When he discovered the COMEX (gold and silver and precious metals were traded there), and saw the huge disparities between the number of contracts of derivatives (futures) traded vs the amount of physical metals held in warehouses, he started to slobber. Further, at the time THERE WERE NO POSITION LIMITS IN SILVER (or gold either, I think, but I am not sure.. I just know there were no limits on the white metal). He began buying. Silver was 2-3 dollars an ounce. He built up MASSIVE amounts of futures contracts. He then held a company picnic for Mesa Petroleum (he owned it) and had a special event of a SHOOTING CONTEST. From the thousands of employees, hundreds were ex military, ex cops etc. He selected about 400 of them got them NYC security licenses, bought them all Mossberg 590s, got some vans, and drove them up to the COMEX, marched up to the warehouse section, and demanded delivery! Talk about DRAMA! Today, they would never give it to him, but back then, they did (after several hours of palavering). He took the warehouse receipts, drove his convoy over to the warehouse, and took maybe 80% of the silver on hand, loaded it into the vans with the 400 armed men, drove to LaGuardia, put it on planes and BOOM! flew it to Switzerland. It was riotous, hilarious, shocking... the stuff of hollywood drama! Scared the living SNOT out of the board of the COMEX, who were all silver producers, all horrifically short, and all of whom knew they would be destroyed if all the longs that Hunt held were called. The price of silver exploded, of course. The big boys tried to stop it by selling large amounts of paper contracts, adding to the shorts they already had. They tried raising the "margin" (the amount of good faith deposit you have to put up to take a position in a futures contract)....100%$... 250%.... 1000%. Hunt swallowed them down and never even burped. Things began getting desperate in the markets. The big market in London essentially shut down. The PM market in Zurich went to a physicals/spot only market. Because the American futures market had DAILY MOVE LIMITS, the markets on open went straight "limit up" and just stayed there for days on end. You could not get in, or out of a position in many cases, and the guys heavily short (the owners of the Comex in particular) were losing hundreds of millions of dollars. Because of price limits, the market went "Contango" where the physicals price was FAR in excess of the futures price. Physical silver was approaching 50 dollars and the futures price was about 37 or so.... and there was NOTHING to stop the futures from rising to 50, and higher. There was true panic..... so the true believers in capitalism, free markets, liberty and the American way did what the big guys ALWAYS do... They ran to the government for help. In January of 1980 we redefined capitalism in the silver markets to make it that you could ONLY open a new contract in the silver markets to SELL... not to buy. No new long positions were allowed.... and they raised the margin again on silver by an unbelievable percentage. It was all to protect the American little people against the greedy exploiters, you see. They have OUR interests at heart!
The markets, with no new venues for buys, simply sold. The Hunts, as well had done what you should NEVER EVER EVER do (which I and every speculator who has ever scraped together enough cash to margin a trade has done! it is the lure of large returns and big money fast), which is that they borrowed against other assets to fund the margins on their long contracts. Now those borrowed funds would not even fund the moneys necessary to close out the collapsing prices, and the Hunts were ruined (to the glee of the scum that sat on the board of the COMEX, the investment bankers and the silver producers). To add insult to injury, the DOJ filed market manipulation charges against the Hunts (and their Saudi financiers). Finally, the COMEX fixed things where this could NEVER happen again. 1) they instituted position limits so that one person or one group of people could not amass such large market moving positions (that privilege is reserved for the investment banks, of course!) 2) they made it so that in the event that market destabilizing moves were occuring (they decide when that is), THEY HAVE THE PRIVILEGE TO REDEFINE THE CONTRACT AND PAY OUT IN DOLLARS, RATHER THAN DELIVER PRECIOUS METALS
I could write another book equalling the one I just scribbled out, describing the FLOOD of unsupported derivatives which have washed into the pm markets since then, but you frankly would not believe it if I told you... the ratio of physicals to paper contracts is eye popping. There is so little demand for oversight that no one actually knows. Some knowledgeable estimates are a high as 5,000 to one. That means for every ounce of silver out there, 5,000 ounces are "promised" in paper contracts.
There has been an explosion of paper derivatives that are not straight up futures contracts, from leases, to "swaps" and myriad other financially engineered products. If you want a good review of just how bad this situation really is, you should grab a look at Andrew Macguire's work. He is a London silver dealer who has researched this stuff extensively, written volumes, and testified before the US Congress (who did precisely nothing).
Anyway the big boys think the game is rigged for them (it is). They think they are untouchable (they are). They also think that the situation will just go on forever this way because it has. When you run across hard core silver bugs like me, you are interacting with people who 1) know this history and 2) believe that in the end, markets always triumph over corrupt manipulators.
That is why I am long silver, and why I think you should be. When this manipulation goes sideways the reaction will be catastrophic.
Pay your money, take your chances.